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isifunda — isiZulu
Indawo enhlangothi-mbili (two dimensional) esemhlabeni. Lena yindawo echazekayo engaklameka (bheka i-“location” kanye ne-“demarcation”) futhi kuboniswe imingcele yayo ecacile. Leli ngelinye lamatemu ejografi okunzima kakhulu ukuwachaza, kodwa-ke izici zejografi ezisemqoka kakhulu zokuchaza leli temu wukuthi kukhona ukufana okuthile kwesimo nempilo kuleyo ndawo (homogeneity) futhi leyo ndawo iyaklameka futhi ihlukaniswe ngokwemingcele (okusho ukuthi, imingcele yaleyo ndawo ingachazwa ngokucacile). Usayizi wendawo awubalulekile; ngoba isifunda singaba yindawo ebandakanya izingxenye ezinkulu zomhlaba ezifaka phakathi amazwe amaningi, kungenzeka sibandakanye ingxenye enkulu yezekwazi elithile (sub-continent), kungenzeka sibandakanye ingxenye ethile yelizwe elilodwa noma kube yindawo encanyana nje ebandakanya imigwaqo embalwa ngaphakathi edolobheni. Into esemqoka wukuthi kukhona into efanayo (common factor) ngaphakathi kwaleyo ndawo, okuyinto eyenza ihluke kwezinye izifunda. Kwizwekazi lase-Afrika, kunesifunda esibizwa nge-Great Lakes esibandakanya amazwe amaningana angomakhelwane, anezinto ezithile ezifanayo ngenxa yokusondelana kwawo kanye namachibi amakhulukazi atholakala lapho. Isifunda sase-Middle-East yisifunda esibandakanya amazwe amaningi anesimo esifanayo esisemqoka kakhulu, okuwukuthi wonke asesifundeni somhlaba okutholakala kusona imithombo emikhulukazi kawoyela ongahluziwe. Isifunda i-Arctic region sibonisa yonke ingxenye yomhlaba etholakala enyakatho ku-66½˚N latitude (bheka i-“location”) futhi sibandakanya ingxenye yamazwe amaningi, anjenge-USA (Alaska), Canada, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia kanye ne-Greenland (okuyizwe elingaphansi kwe-Denmark). Isimo esifanayo kuzo zonke izingxenye zalesi sifunda wukuthi ziyaphela izinyanga ezintathu kungekho ukukhanya kwelanga, noma-ke mhlawumbe kunokukhaya okuncane kakhulu kanye namazingakushisa aphansi kakhulu ebusika. Ngisho nasezindaweni ezihlakazeke kakhulu kanye nezingxenye ezihlukene kakhulu ezikumazwekazi ahlukene ezigqagqene ngezinkulungwane ngezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha, kuyenzeka zithathwe njengesifunda esisodwa, njengama-“grasslands”, atholakala kwelase-USA (lapho ebizwa khona ngama-prairies), e-Russia (lapho ebizwa khona ngama-steppe), e-Argentina (lapho ebizwa khona ngama-pampas), eMpumalanga Afrika (lapho ebizwa khona ngama-savannas [savannahs] kanye naseNingizimu Afrika (lapho ebizwa khona nge-highveld ne-bushveld). Ziningi ezinye izifunda zemvelo esingazibala, ngokubheka indawo ezitholakala kuyona emhlabeni, isimo semvelo, izimila zemvelo, njalo njalo. Futhi ziningi kakhulu izifunda ezichazwa ngokubheka imisebenzi efanayo eyenziwa ngabantu. Isiko, inkolo, ulimi, umsebenzi wezomnotho, ubuciko, umlando wezepolitiki, izidingo nezimfuno zepolitiki ezikhona njengamanje, izidingo nezimfuno zokuhwebelana, kanye nokunye okuningi okuphathelene nezenzo zabantu, kungaba yinto efanayo ehlanganisa abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. I-Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site yindawo noma isizinda esinemingcele eklanyiwe futhi ecacile, esitholakala esifundeni esikhulu esiqukethe imivukubulo eminingi yasemandulo kanye nezinsalela zamathambo abantu nezilwane. Sezihlonziwe izizinda ezisemqoka kakhulu eziqukethe imivukubulo yasemandulo futhi indawo okutholakala kuyona le mivukubulo iklanyiwe, yahlukaniswa ngokwemingcele futhi yamenyezelwa ngokusemthethweni njengesizinda samagugu omhlaba. Lokhu kumenyezelwa kuhlinzeka indawo eklanyiwe ngokuvikeleka okukhethekile (bheka ama-“conservation areas” kanye ne-“demarcation”), kodwa-ke isifunda okutholakala kusona ama-hominid fossils (izinsalela zabantu nezilwane zasemandulo) sikhulu kakhulu uma siqhathaniswa nesizinda samagugu.
