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iziphehlamandla ezimbiwa phansi — isiZulu
Zonke iziphehlamandla ezivela kwizinsalela zezitshalo nezilwane zasemandulo ezilondolozekile ngaphansi komhlaba. Zintathu izinhlobo ezinkulu esingazibala, okuyilezi ezilandelayo: a) amalahle, i-coke (okuwuhlobo lwamalahle olunekhwalithi ephakeme) kanye namalahle ansundu (okuwuhlobo lwamalahle olunekhwalithi ephansi), b) uwoyela ne-oil shale, kanye c) negesi (njenge-methane). Iqembu lokuqala livela ezitshalweni ezazifakwe emaxhaphozini amanzi angenawo usawoti futhi angashoni phansi kakhulu, ezazimbozwe yinzika nezicucu (sediments) futhi ezaguquka eminyakeni eyizigidi ngezigidi ngenxa yengcindezi enkulu zaba ngamalahle. Iqembu lesibili livela kwizilwanyazana ezincane zasolwandle ezafa zazika zaya phansi ekujuleni kolwandle, ezambozwa yinzika nezicucu zezinto ezitholakala olwandle futhi ngenxa yengcindezi enkulu eminyakeni eyizigidi ngezigidi izinsalela zezilwanyazana zaguquka zaba yizinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zeziphehlamandla, njengowoyela, ne-oil shale kanye ne-kerosene. Igesi ihlobene nawo womabili amaqembu. Zonke iziphehlamandla ezimbiwa phansi ziyingxubevange ye-hydrocarbon (okusho, izinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene ze-hydrogen kanye ne-carbon). Zonke iziphehlamandla ezimbiwa phansi zakheka esikhathini eside kakhulu impela, futhi uma sesizisebenzise zaze zaphela zonke lezo ezikhona njengamanje, ngeke silindele ukuthi sithole ezintsha emva kweminyaka embadlwana. Ngenxa yamakhemikhali akhona kuzo zonke lezi ziphehlamandla ezimbiwa phansi zikhiqiza i-carbon kanye ne-hydrogen ekhuphukayo iyongena emkhathini.
