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ukufuduka — isiZulu
Ukufuduka kwabantu besuka endaweni ethile beya kwenye. Ziningi izinhlobo zokufuduka, futhi umuntu kumele akwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwalokhu ukuze akwazi ukuhlola imithelela engaba khona, yesikhathi eside kanye neyesikhathi esifushane, ebangelwa wukufuduka. Ngokujwayelekile ukufuduka kuchaza ukuthi abantu bayathutha endaweni abahlala kuyona bayohlala isikhathi eside kwenye indawo. Kodwa futhi kuyinto evamile ukuthi basuke endaweni yabo bayohlala kwenye indawo isikhashana, okungaba yiminyaka embadlwana nje. Abanye abantu bayasuka endaweni yabo bayohlala kwenye indawo isikhathi esingaziwa futhi baphinde babuyele emuva ezifundeni abadabuka kuzona. Kwesinye isikhathi ukusuka kwabantu endaweni yabo isikhashana esincane nje, njengohambo lwabavakashi, kuthathwa “njengokufuduka”, nakuba ukuvakasha kungavamile ukubonakala njengokufuduka. Ukuhamba kwabantu okungavamile ukuthathwa njengokufuduka wuhambo olunqamula imingcele yamazwe olwenziwa yilungu elilodwa lomndeni elingena kwelinye izwe liyosebenza isikhathi esiyizinyanga eziyi-11 ngonyaka, futhi emva kwalokho libuyele emuva ezweni elidabuka kuloba, lapho lifika lihlale khona inyanga eyodwa noma ezimbili ngaphambi kokuthi liphinde futhi libuyele ezweni langaphandle (bheka i-“refugee”) liyosebenza ngenhloso yokuthola imali. Isizathu esenza ukuthi lolu hlobo lokuhamba kwabantu, esikhathini esiningi, lungathathwa njengokufuduka, wukuthi umndeni waleso sisebenzi usala emuva ezweni okudabuka kulona isisebenzi futhi nesisebenzi ngokwaso sisuke singazimisele neze ukuhlala unomphela kulelo lizwe esisebenza kulona. Isibonelo salolu hlobo lokuhamba kwabantu yinani elikhulu labasebenzi abadabuka kwelase-Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Angola, Kenya, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia kanye namanye amazwe ase-Afrika, abangena eNingizimu Afrika minyaka yonke ngoba engekho amathuba omsebenzi emazweni abo. Ukufuduka kuyenzeka ngaphakathi ezweni, okusho ukuthi, abantu basuka endaweni ethile ngaphakathi ezweni labo bayohlala kwesinye isifunda ngaphakathi ezweni labo. Ukufudukela kwabantu emadolobheni kungena ngaphansi kwalolu hlobo lokufuduka. Kwezinye izimo, abantu bayathutha ezweni labo bayohlala unomphela kwelinye izwe, futhi bengazimisele neze ukubuyela emazweni abadabuka kuwona; lokhu kubizwa ngofuduko lwangaphandle (noma ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe, i-emigration). Kunezizathu eziningi ezenza ukuthi abantu bafuduke, futhi zimbili izizathu ezicacile ezaziwayo, okungama-push factors (izinto ezidudula abantu) kanye nama-pull factors (izinto ezidonsa abantu). Izinto ezidudula abantu yizimo ezinjengempi, indlala nokuntuleka kokudla, ukucwasana kwezizwe, ukungabekezelani kwezenkolo, ubuhlanga, ubuqembuqembu bezepolitiki, ububha kanye nokungakwazi ukuziphilisa. Uma abafuduki befuduka njengamaqembu emindeni ngenhloso yokusindisa impilo noma isitho somzimba, empeleni basuke bebaleka, futhi abavamisile ukuphatha izincwadi ezibazisayo ukuthi bangobani, abanazo nezimpahla futhi bathathwa njengababaleki. Ukufuduka ngenxa yezimo ezidonsa abantu kuvamise ukwenzeka ngenxa yezimo eziphathelene nezimali. Uma izwe abadabuka kulona lingazihlinzeki izakhamuzi ngethuba elikahle lokuziphilisa noma lokuthola umsebenzi okhokhelwayo, abathu bafudukela kwelinye izwe. Kwesinye isikhathi akuyona neze into elula ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwama-“push” factors nama-“pull” factors. Njengamanje, kunezindimbane zabantu abadabuka emazweni ase-Afrika ahlukahlukene abathutheleka eNingizimu Afrika, abangena kuleli – ngokusemthethweni noma ngokungekho emthethweni – ngenxa yezizathu eziphathelene nomnotho kanye/noma izizathu eziphathelene nepolitiki (bheka i-“refugee”). Kuleli lizwe bathola umsebenzi noma-ke indlela yokuziphilisa, okuyinto ebingenakwenzeka emazweni abo. Ngakho-ke ukufuduka kwabo kubangelwe yikona kokubili, ama-“push” factors kanye bama-“pull” factors futhi kunzima ukuhlonza ukuthi yisiphi kulezi isizathu esibangele ukufuduka kwabo. Ukuthutheleka nokungena kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe (“in-migration”) kungaba nomthelela omkhulu esimweni sokwakheka komphakathi wabantu (bheka i-“demographic data” kanye nama-“population pyramids”). Nakuba izinga lenzalo e-United States of America liphansi futhi licishe lilingane nelamazwe acebile ase-Western Europe, izinga lokukhula kwenani labantu e-USA liphakeme kunawo wonke amanye amazwe emhlabeni jikelele. Isizathu salokhu wukuthi abantu abadabuka kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni jikelele, bafudukela kwelase-USA ngenxa yamathuba ezomnotho nawezimali ahlinzekwa yi-USA.
