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imibuthano yamazwe ngamazwe — isiZulu
Uma sikubeka ngendlela eqondile nje, leli temu lisho umbuthano noma ingqungquthela enkulu ehlelekile, yeqembu lamazwe anezimfuno nenzinjongo ezifanayo. Izinjongo ezifanayo kungaba yizinto eziphathelene nezepolitiki, ezempi, ezomnotho, njalo njalo, futhi kusukela ngesigamu sesibili seminyaka yawo-1900 ezemvelo zaba ngenye yezinto ezadala ukukhathazeka kakhulu kuwo wonke amazwe omhlaba. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, miningi impela imibuthano yezemvelo yamazwe wonke omhlaba esibanjiwe. Ngokucacile, iNhlangano Yezizwe (UN) idlala indima esemqoka kakhulu ekuhleleni lemi buthano nokuyixhasa ngezimali. Kule mibuthano, abameleli bezepolitiki kanye/noma bezesayensi abasezikhundleni eziphakeme abavela cishe kuwona wonke amazwe emhlabeni jikelele banikezwe igunya lokudlulisa imibono yamazwe abo mayelana nezindaba zemvelo emhlabeni wonkana. Esikhathini esiningi kuba yizinhloko zemibuso ngokwazo ezimele izimfuno zamazwe azo, kodwa-ke phela lokho zikwenza ngokwelulekwa yithimba lososayensi kanye nosomaqhinga. Ngenxa yamandla negunya elinikezwe abameleli bamazwe, zonke izinqumo ezenziwe futhi zagunyazwa (okusho ukuthi, okuvunyelwane ngazo futhi zasayinwa) ziyisibopho esisemthethweni kuwo wonke amazwe asayine isivumelwano. Ezinye izinhlangano noma amazwe ayingxenye yombuthano kuyenzeka anqume ukungazigunyazi izinqumo ezithathwe kulowo mbuthano futhi-ke, awaphoqelekile ukugunyaza nokwamukela lezo zinqumo. Izinhlangano ezigqugquzela ukuvikelwa nokulondolozwa kwemvelo, amaqembu ezishoshovu zemvelo kanye nezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kohulumeni (NGOs) zivamise ukuphuma ngobuningi ziyokwethamela le mibuthano, kodwa-ke amalungelo azo okusayina izivumelwano anemikhawulo futhi ukugunyaza kwazo izinqumo akusona isibopho kunoma yiliphi izwe sokuzibophezela kulezo zinqumo ezithathiwe. Le mibuthano isemqoka kakhulu ezinhlanganweni ezigqugquzela ukuvikelwa nokulondolozwa kwemvelo, nasemaqenjini ezishoshovu zemvelo kanye nakuma-NGO ngoba zihlinzeka ngethuba lokwazisa kanye nokunxenxa ukusekelwa kwemibono yawo mayelana nezindaba zemvelo ababandakanyeka kuzona. Ezinye zezinhlangano zemvelo noma zomnotho noma zepolitiki ezidumile ezingaphuthelwa neze yimibuthano yamazwe ngamazwe yi-Green Peace, International Nuclear Event Organisation (INEO), British Standards Institute (BSI), Earth Life Africa, European Union (EU), Environmental Protection Agency of the USA (EPA), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), International Standards Organisation (ISO), International Committee on Radiation Protection (ICRP), International Maritime Organisation (IMO), Group of Seven (okuyiqembu njengamanje eselinamazwe ayisiShiyagalombili) elibandakanya amazwe ayisikhombisa (noma ayisishiyagalombili) aneminotho emikhulukazi emhlabeni, amazwe e-BRICS (bheka ama-”developing countries”), United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), United Nations Environmental Protection Agency (UNEP noma UNEPA), World Trade Organisation (WTO), World Health Organisation (WHO), UNESCO, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), International Convention on Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), Wildlife and Environmental Society of South Africa (WESSA), kanye nezinye izinhlangano eziningi impela. Eminye yemibuthano edume kakhulu yamazwe ngamazwe yezemvelo yi-Stockholm Declaration yowe-1972 lapho kwathathwa khona isinqumo sokuthi amazwe kumele abambisane ukuthuthukisa umthetho wamazwe omhlaba mayelana nokuthweswa icala nokukhokhwa kwesinxephezelo esiphathelene nokungcoliseka kwemvelo; i-Maastricht Treaty kanye nemiButhano yase-Lomé, unombolo I kuya ku-IV eyabanjwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1980 okwabe kuyimizamo yokuqhubekisela phambili ukubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba mayelana nemithethonqubo yezemvelo; i-Ramsar Convention yowe-1971 mayelana nokubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba ekuvikelweni kwamaxhaphozi (bheka ama-“wetlands”); i-Montreal Protocol yowe-1987, lapho kwathathwa khona isinqumo sokwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwe-chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) ngokomthamo okhiqizwa ezimbonini; kanye ne-Basel Convention yowe-1989 eyabe ingumzamo wokulawula ukuthuthwa kwemfucuza enobungozi (ikakhulukazi leyo esabalalisa imisebe enobuthi [radio-active]) inqamule imingcele yamazwe ngamazwe. Umbuthano owodwa owaduma kakhulu, mhlawumbe futhi okwaba wumbuthano omkhulu kunayo yonke imibuthano yamazwe ngamazwe yezemvelo eyake yabanjwa, yi-UN Conference on Environment and Development (ngolimi lwasemgwaqeni okuthiwa yi-“Earth Summit”) eyabanjelwa e-Rio de Janeiro ngowe-1992 (bheka i-“environmental justice”). Isinqumo esibaluleke kunazo zonke esathathwa kuleyo ngqungquthela yisivumelwano sokuvikelwa kwemvelo esibizwa nge-Convention on the Protection of Biodiversity, esathuthukiswa futhi senziwa ngcono ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, emva kwalokho sabe sesifakwa embhalweni osemqoka kakhulu obizwa nge-Agenda 21. Ku-Earth Summit kwaqaliswa izingxoxo ezinohlonze mayelana nokubekwa komkhawulo nokunciphisa umthamo we-carbon dioxide kanye namanye ama-greenhouse gasses angakhiqizwa yiminotho (amazwe kanye namaqembu athile) ehlukahlukene ngonyaka, akhuphukela emkhathini. Kodwa-ke, incane inqubekelaphambili eyenziwa mayelana nalokhu ngoba amazwe asathuthuka ahlwempu kanye namazwe asethuthukile acebile awakwazanga ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni. Kepha-ke, emva kokubekwa kwalolu daba esidlangalaleni, kwaba nzima ukulugwema noma ukulucindezela. Lokhu kwaholela engqungqutheleni eyabanjelwa e-Kyoto, kwelase-Japan, ngowe-1997. Kuleyo ngqungquthela kwathathwa isinqumo sokuthi wonke amazwe ayezovunyelwa ukukhiqiza umthamo othile wentuthu engcolisa umoya, njengoba izwe ngalinye labekelwa umthamo othile wama-greenhouse gasses elingawakhiqiza ayongena emkhathini njalo ngonyaka. Ama-“carbon quotas” ayenikezwe amazwe amaningana asethuthukile, awazange amukeleke kwamanye alawo mazwe, ikakhulukazi i-USA, Australia, China kanye ne-India. Ngenxa yalokho-ke lawa mazwe awazange asisayine isivumelwano. Ingqungquthela yomgubho we-10 we-Earth Summit yabanjelwa eGoli ngowezi-2002, kodwa kuncane kakhulu okwazuzwa kuleyo ngqungquthela ngaphandle kokuvuma kwezithunywa ukuthi ama-carbon quotas ayebekwe ngowe-1992 mhlawumbe ayeyiphupho nje elalingeke lifinyeleleke. Uma kubhekwa izibonelo ezihlinzekwe lapha ngenhla kuyacaca ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi kunamanye amagama avamise ukusetshenziswa esikhundleni segama elithi “umbuthano” (“convention”), okuyilawa alandelayo, “isimemezelo” (“declaration”), “ingqungquthela” (“summit”), “isivumelwano” (“agreement”), noma “iprothokholi”, ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi lokhu kungadala ukudideka. Kungaba ngcono ukuthi igama elithi “umbuthano” (“convention”) lisetshenziswe kuphela maqondana nomhlangano, ukuxoxisana kanye nokuthathwa kwezinqumo, bese kuthi lawa amanye asetshenziselwe ukuchaza amarekhodi ezinqumo ezithathwe embuthanweni. (Bheka ama-“international protocols”.)
